The Stage Robot Simulator

3.0.1

Copyright Richard Vaughan and contributors 1998-2008.
Part of the Player Project (http://playerstage.org)

License

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

A copy of the license is included with the sourcecode in the file 'COPYING". Copying and redistribution is permitted only under the terms of the license.

Introduction

Stage is a robot simulator. It provides a virtual world populated by mobile robots and sensors, along with various objects for the robots to sense and manipulate.

There are three ways to use Stage:

  1. The "stage" program: a standalone robot simulation program that loads your robot control program from a library that you provide.

  2. The Stage plugin for Player (libstageplugin) - provides a population of virtual robots for the popular Player networked robot interface system.

  3. Write your own simulator: the "libstage" C++ library makes it easy to create, run and customize a Stage simulation from inside your own programs.

Models

Stage provides several sensor and actuator models, including sonar or infrared rangers, scanning laser rangefinder, color-blob tracking, fiducial tracking, bumpers, grippers and mobile robot bases with odometric or global localization.

Design

Stage was designed with multi-agent systems in mind, so it provides fairly simple, computationally cheap models of lots of devices rather than attempting to emulate any device with great fidelity. This design is intended to be useful compromise between conventional high-fidelity robot simulations, the minimal simulations described by Jakobi [4], and the grid-world simulations common in artificial life research [5]. We intend Stage to be just realistic enough to enable users to move controllers between Stage robots and real robots, while still being fast enough to simulate large populations. We also intend Stage to be comprehensible to undergraduate students, yet sophisticated enough for professional reseachers.

Player also contains several useful 'virtual devices'; including some sensor pre-processing or sensor-integration algorithms that help you to rapidly build powerful robot controllers. These are easy to use with Stage.

Citations

If you use Stage in your work, we'd appreciate a citation. At the time of writing, the most suitable reference is either:

Richard Vaughan. "Massively Multiple Robot Simulations in Stage", Swarm Intelligence (to appear 2008), Springer.

Or, if you are using Player/Stage:

Brian Gerkey, Richard T. Vaughan and Andrew Howard. "The Player/Stage Project: Tools for Multi-Robot and Distributed Sensor Systems" Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Advanced Robotics, pages 317-323, Coimbra, Portugal, June 2003 (ICAR'03)
http://www.isr.uc.pt/icar03/ .

gzipped postscript, pdf

Please help us keep track of what's being used out there by correctly naming the Player/Stage components you use. Player used on its own is called "Player". Player and Stage used together are referred to as "the Player/Stage system" or just "Player/Stage". When libstage is used without Player, it's just called "Stage". When Player is used with its 3D ODE-based simulation backend, Gazebo, it's called Player/Gazebo. Gazebo without Player is just "Gazebo". All this software is part of the "Player Project".

Support

Funding for Stage has been provided in part by:

Names

The names "Player" and "Stage" were inspired by the lines:

"All the world's a stage,  
 And all the men and women merely players"

from "As You Like It" by William Shakespeare.

References

[4] Nick Jakobi (1997) "Evolutionary Robotics and the Radical Envelope of Noise Hypothesis", Adaptive Behavior Volume 6, Issue 2. pp.325 - 368.

[5] Stuart Wilson (1985) "Knowledge Growth in an Artificial Animal", Proceedings of the First International Conference on Genetic Agorithms and Their Applications. Hillsdale, New Jersey. pp.16-23.

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